Table 5. The reasons for the variation in the two years are interesting and meaningful. In the year 1 B. This is the first occurrence of a permanent settlementof Bengal previous to the enactmentof The document of lease to the Rajah was published by R. Table 6. The above table shows the occupational divisions of the tax-paying castes.
Revenue from this head constituted only about 3 per cent of the total. A pottah was granted in each case inserting therein the amount payable. Harington observed that the tax varied according to locality and rank of persons. The rate per pottah per annum varied from 1 anna 4 gandas to 4 Rupees 8 annas at Bazar Calcutta against 4 gandas to 1 Rupee at Baugbazar. He also mentioned that due to an extension of European property in Calcutta land, poor Indians were compelled to move out of the town.
Police tax or Chokeedaree was the largest source of revenue of Calcutta with a share of more than 61 per cent. It was a tax generally levied to defray the cost of a town or village watch.
It is stated in the document that chokeedaree tax first levied in 1 B. This tax was confined in the town area only, with the exception of Kidderpore Dawk area. A Kutwallee tax was defined in a letter from the Calcutta Committee to the Govemor General in Council as "a tax similar to the Chokeedaree, it having been established for the purpose of defraying the expense of chokeedaree or night wat- ches.
It was levied on ail those who paid Metehherifeh and on some other low castes of people in the menial professions. In B.
Harington rightly pointed out that the tax was doubly partial exempting Europeans as well as some of the Indians and recommended its total abolition. There were several miscellaneous taxes. Hisabanah was defined as custom taken in settling the annual accounts of the ryots and weavers. It is levied from the sarne persons who pay the Kutwallee and varied in its rate from 3 to 4 as.
It was a practice to disburse the remaining portion in the Hindu festivals of Durga Puja and Charak. Although it was equally partial as Kutwallee , Harington was un willing to abolish the tax because of the sentiment of the poorer classes of Hindus. But he wanted to rationalise the incident by levying it at same rate per bigha of land on every classes of Hindus instead of on poorer classes alone. Khoorehepanehah is a tax implying literally hoof-reckoning collected only from the dependencies, the rate being 8 as.
This tax was considered partial because the bull dealers or merchants paid both ground rent and sayer duties as the case might be. Also the amount being as small as Rs. Kowree Sokt was originally designed to be a compensation of waste, breakage or other damages incurred on cowrees in paying revenue in lieu of rupees. According to Harington, "it was certainly a clear gain to the government and a clear loss to the payer of it.
Modeekhanah yielded Rs. As earlier stated, sayer collection generally consisted of duties on commodities accrued to the owners of the bazars. An historical account of it was also given by Strendale in Calcutta Collectorate, but unfortunately there is no mention of Haring- ton's survey of 23 markets of Calcutta. Harington mentioned several types of duties were imposed on articles sold in the bazars : i a daily market duty , ii an import duty on boats in lieu of market duty , iii an import duty on boats independent of market duty, iv an annual duty on godowns or warehouses of certain articles, v an annual duty on venders of certain articles, vi an annual duty of tols on sheds in market place and vii a monthly duty on shops.
It should be mentioned that tolah is still collected in many of the Calcutta bazars by the farmers. He accepted the rationale of the above mentioned duties except that of an import duty on boats independent of market duty and an annual duty on godowns or warehouses of certain articles as a they were prohibited according to the government order, b their collection was confined to one bazar only and c the yield was less than Rs.
Harington presented a table showing the rate of collections from 68 articles sold in 23 Calcutta bazars on the lst April, In analysing the table, he rightly pointed out that duties were chiefly levied on provisions, vegetables, fuel, raw materials of manufactures and petty merchandise, earthen and metallic products — the greater part being the necessaries of life in the existing state of society. In every case, he was trying to do away with injustice, to protect the poorer section and to evolve an overall rational approach.
In total land of the town of Calcutta was measured at 2, acres of which 2, acres were subject to taxes. Forty per cent of total revenue of Rs. The professional tax paid by weavers and others was 3,67 per cent On the whole rent and taxes on land was almost the single source of revenue Growth of Calcutta. Ray traced the progressive growth of the town from to by tabulating the available materials, a part of his table containing data relating to acreage and houses is reproduced below.
Table T. The city of Calcutta always has a floating population from its early day. Ray maintains that the collection figures presented by Wilson were inaccurate. He adjusted collection and re-estimated population on the basis of Holwell's proportions in Accordingly the population was 8, in , 51, in , , in and , in Alexander Hamilton estimated a population between 10 thousand and 12 thousand for Holwell's population, if adjusted to a family size of five is reduced at , Table 8.
Ray readjusted Holwell's population on some new assumptions to arrive at a figure of 1 17, distributed over an area of 6, acres showing a density of Ray, however, did not question the average size of houses Concluding Remarks. It is the trade of the East India Company that led to the growth of this city since the middle of the eighteenth century. It was also their biggest administrative unit in Bengal. Table of conversion. Thacker and Co.
I, Calcutta, , p. H, London, , p. Hyde, H. Fkminger, W. Ray, A. Sterndale, R. Baverley, H. Letter from J. Mitra, Asok : Census oflndia , Calcutta City, p. Bengal Revenue Department Mise. Records Hast-o-bud and Revenue Account Glimpses on the history of Calcutta, [article] Rama Deb Roy. Plan l. Other treats include an inviting swimming pool, gym and spa which offers traditional Ayurvedic treatments and heavenly body scrubs. A living part of the city's history, this small-scale property harks back to the late 18th century and has retained a creaky charm, and the charming, eccentric octogenarian owner is proud to talk about the interesting photos lining the walls.
Extensively renovated in , the hotel is crammed with bric-a-brac, old wicker furniture and Raj-era memorabilia. Rooms aren't flash but are comfortable enough, with some bathrooms featuring great old free-standing bath tubs. Kolkata Calcutta Weather. Local time Kolkata Calcutta. Currency Rs. Introducing Kolkata Calcutta. Plan your trip. Travel to Kolkata Calcutta Hotels. India Information. And his songs, popularly known as Rabindrasangeet , have an eternal appeal and is permanently placed in the heart of the Bengalis.
He was a social reformer, patriot and above all, a great humanitarian and philosopher. India and Bangladesh - the national anthems of these two countries are his composition. He was son of Debenadranath and Sarada Devi and the grand son of Dwarakanath Tagore, a rich landlord and social reformer. He could not cope with the conventional system of education and started study at home under several teachers.
He translated a part of Shakespare's Macbeth into Bengali verse which was later published in Bharati magazine. His first book of poems, Kabi Kahini tale of a poet was published in In the same year, he sailed to England with his brother Satyandranath. Retuned to India in Got married to Bhabatarini Devi in at the age of Later her name was changed to Mrinalini Devi. By this time he had already been established as a leading writer of Bengali literature. In Tagore attended session of Indian National Congress and on the opening day sang Vandemataram composed by Bankim Chandra Chattapadhayay, the exponent of novel in Bengali literature.
In he took the editorial charge of the magazine Bangadarshan. Got involved with freedom fighting movement. Established Bolpur Bramhacharyaashram at Shantiniketan, a school in the pattern of old Indian Ashrama. He strongly protested Lord Curzon's decision to divide Bengal on the basis of religion.
Wrote a number of national songs and attended protest meetings. He introduced the Rakhibandhan ceremony , symbolizing the underlying unity in undivided Bengal. In started writing Gitanjali at Silaidaha. Composed Janaganamana in which later became the national anthem of India. In went to Europe for the second time.
He met William Rothenstein, a noted British painter, in London. Earlier he was introduced to Rothenstein in Calcutta at a gathering at Abanindranath Tagore's house before.
Rothenstien was impressed by the poems, made copies and gave to Yeats and other English poets. He arranged a reading in his house where Yeats read Tagore's poems in front of a distinguished audience comprising of Ezra Pound, May Sinclair, Ernest Rhys etc. Tagore sailed for America for the first time from England. In the mean time Gitanjali song offerings containing translated poems of Tagore was published in London. Yeats wrote the introduction for this book and Rothenstein did a pencil sketch for the cover page.
The book created a sensation in the English literary world. Tagore delivered lectures in Rochester, Boston, Harvard University. His six Gitanjali poems appeared in Poetry in December, issue. The poet returned to Calcutta. On 26th Decemeber, University of Calcutta conferred on him the honorary degree of "D. Received Knighthood in Proceeded to Japan in On his way gave speeches at Rangoon, Singapore, Hongkong.
Returned to Calcutta in In , the poet started a tour to South India. Besant at Adyar. In , he wrote a historic letter to Lord Chelmsford repudiating his Knighthood in protest against the massacre at Jalianwalabag, Punjab. Call came from Europe again in His effort to raise fund for Viswabharati was not very fruitful in America, mostly because he was seen as an anti-British and pro-German.
In , established Viswabharati University. He gave all his money from Nobel Prize and royalty money from his books to this University. Went to Bombay and from there to Poona. Got invitation from China and visited Sanghai, Peiking. Visited Japan again in this tour. Went to South America. The poet gave her a name , Vijaya and wrote Purabi - a collection of poems dedicated to her.
On the return journey visited Italy and lectured in Milan, Venice, Florence. Read More Hotels in Kolkata. Sign in with Facebook. Sign in with Google. Packages Hotels Collections.
Countries Singapore. Write For Us! The capital city of West Bengal, Kolkata is located in the eastern part of India and is one of the most famous cities in India. Owing to its strategic location, the city has witnessed several significant political as well as social upsurges in the past and this why its history holds a significant place in the chronological description of the entire scenario of the Indian subcontinent and rest of the world.
Kolkata has also experienced some of the very well-known monarchial as well as bureaucratic rules, which have profoundly influenced its culture.
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